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My Mom the Powerhouse Essay - 717 Words

My Mom the Powerhouse One of the biggest influences in my life is my Mom. She is one of 10 children born to an Appalachian coal miner who could not read or write. Her family lived in the mountains of Kentucky in a little cottage that had no running water and no electricity. She read by kerosene lamp. As a child, she attended a one-room schoolhouse, which also had no electricity and no running water. There was one teacher for eight grades, and each row in the classroom was a grade. My mom says she liked listening to the lessons of the higher grades. There was a big, black potbellied stove in the middle of the room, between the fourth- and fifth-grade rows. My mom couldnt wait to get to the fourth grade so she could†¦show more content†¦When it came time to eat a chicken, he would wring its neck, and it would flop all over the back yard before dying. My mother got attached to one chicken and made it her pet. She named it Miss Red. Miss Red would lay brown eggs, and my mom would collect them. My moms father killed all the other chickens for food, and he tried to avoid killing Miss Red, but she was the last chicken, and the family needed food. He waited until my mom had gone to school, then he wrung the neck of Miss Red. My mom came home from school and discovered that Miss Red was cut up, fried, and sitting in a platter on the supper table. My mom cried and refused to eat Miss Red. Her mother gave her a nickel and tried to comfort her, but to this day, my mom cant eat chicken without remembering Miss Red. As a child, my mom suffered through the death of her mother. After that, she was put in foster homes and was constantly moving from home to home. She was able to get through college all by herself, receiving scholarships and working part-time. She now works as an editor for McGraw-Hill books and takes night classes toward an M.B.A. She says, Education is a lifelong process. I find it amazing that the daughter of a man who could not read or write is now a book editor. One quality my mom possesses that I admire is her ability to persevere and overcome hardship. She has always taught me that my true dwelling place is in my mind, and that I have dominion over myShow MoreRelatedThe Parenting Style Used For Raise A Child1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe parenting style used to raise a child is what will alter them as people and help them grow into successful adults. Chinese moms are a decent representation of how the true world is, but it is not healthy to put a child in school through that amount of pressure. A Chinese mom is similar to a bucking bull in the scheme to motivate children. She takes the reigns and hopes for the best for her children. Amy Chua explains in the article Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior how Chinese mothers have respectableRead MoreAnalysis Of Bonnie Anderson s What You See You Want With Me 711 Words   |  3 PagesJessica Morris Category: Interview Title: Bonnie Anderson: ‘What you see is what you get with me’ Body: Dropping her single, â€Å"Unbroken† on Friday, 19 year old Bonnie Anderson has firmly placed her stake in the Australian music industry. With her powerhouse voice and a stage presence that puts people double her age to shame, the song is a pop infused sure-fire hit for the Sony artist. â€Å"It s definitely†¦ very anthemic.† Anderson shares with PPcorn. â€Å"It s kind of about forgetting what s gone on inRead MoreWest Point Academy And New York1060 Words   |  5 Pages1976, when West Point opened it’s doors to the woman of america. By 1980, sixty-two women graduated at West Point, and the numbers are growing every single year (Point, West). West Point s sports or otherwise known as Team Army has always been a powerhouse in all the sports offered at West Point. West Point offers over 25 different sports, such as rugby, track, football, and wrestling (Point, West). The most popular sport at West Point would be football, baseball, and Track. While being a very smallRead MoreIndependence Can Be Taken In More Than One Way. It Can1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthese definitions are me. I ve spent many years of my life worrying about how others view me. But, I can happily say that where I m at in my life right now, the obsession has diminished. Sometim es my mom mistakes this for a lack of care and indifference, but it has made me who I am today. As far as social interactions go, I do find myself becoming tired when constantly forced to be extroverted. Over the summer I went on a two-week trip with my neighbors to The Gulf of Mexico for fishing and scallopingRead MoreProduct Market Analysis Paper772 Words   |  4 Pagesseen the product at stores such as Dollar Tree or Family Dollar for maybe $1.50 or $2.00; however, you will be glancing around to find the product in general. Personally, we didn’t know anything about their product until a family member was telling my mom and I how effective the product can be while cleaning and also where to find Awesome Cleaning Products. After a great experience with the cleaning product, we’ve told other family members and friends and they’ve started to buy the products. As I mentionedRead MoreA Brief Note On Western Culture And Individualism1107 Words   |  5 Pagesothe r people. Individualism is recognized as personally think that the world revolves around them. You are your own religion because you solely depend on yourself when it comes to life in general. In the book, Hidden Worldviews, it was stated, â€Å"I am my own universe† (Wilkens, 27). History changes people and our thought process but where did it really begin? The religion that you can only depend on oneself instead of the Almighty God that created us? I think this goes back to the fall. Adam and EveRead MoreHigh School : Practical Skills1252 Words   |  6 PagesPrepared?: Practical Skills in High School People are taught many things in school, but according to Dave from Boyinaband, â€Å"I was never taught how to vote. They devoted that time to defining isotopes. I wasn’t taught how to look after my health, but mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell†(Boyinaband, â€Å"Don’t Stay In School†). This is just one line from the YouTube video hit â€Å"Don’t Stay in School†. With 4,984,295 views people are starting to discussed what their education is preparing them for. Is NCRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1550 Words   |  7 Pages Walt Disney Studio’s 2011 film, â€Å"The Help† is an adaption of Kathryn Stockett’s 2009 novel of the same name. The Help is an American drama film, and stars a powerhouse cast, with the leading roles played by Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Jessica Chastain, and Allison Janney. The film was both written and directed by Kathryn Stockett’s friend Tate Taylor, who w as given the rights to the film before her book was even published. In 1960’s Jackson, Mississippi during the civil rights movementRead MoreRape And The Justice System1692 Words   |  7 Pagesescape the house she was raped in. She stated I’d only been on the phone with my mom for a few seconds when all of the sudden I heard someone behind me, and I realized Beau was chasing me,† Allison said. A few seconds later his hand brushed her back as he grasped at her from behind. â€Å"I was literally screaming into the phone, ‘He raped me!’ right when I felt him grabbing at me. My mom was telling me. ‘Run! Keep Running!’† Allison knew that Donaldson owned severalRead MoreThe World Of The Alps1579 Words   |  7 PagesEtruscans had gained control over much of Italy. By the 4th century, Rome is gaining power, while the Etruscans are steadily losing it. Jumping ahead to around the 12th century, we see that Florence comes into play. Florence is noted as the powerhouse of the Renaissance, since it produced outstanding pieces of Art and Literature. Jumping ahead to present day, Florence is home to the enormous cathedral, commonly referred to as The Duomo. Florence also has The David, which is in the Galleria

Gun Violence in America Free Essays

Gun violence in America is not at all as bad as it is in Sierra Leone and other countries with war and little law enforcement as we read about in the book a long way gone. In the book the main character Ishmael discovers that America is not at all like he heard through rap songs. When he moves to America and tells his story of being a soldier and killing people the people he talks to about it think that it is cool and Ishmael states in the book â€Å"violence in America is romanticized. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Violence in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now I do agree with this statement that we do make war look easy and fun through movies and video games. We do not understand what it is like to be in a war and witness killing and bloodshed every day. Gun violence in America is not understood by very many people most people blame guns for killing people but it is not the guns that kill people it is people that kill people either by accident or on purpose in a murder. This is seen in the statistics â€Å"gun violence has gone up from 10,000 victims in 1975 to 15,000 victims in 1995.† This information proves that violence has gone up with the increases in gangs and the lessening of guns in households and teaching of gun safety. Also, 98% of gang homicides involve guns. Gun violence in America has been on the increase, since 1975 when there were less than 27 gun related death. In 1999 it increased to 80 deaths every day. http://www .gun-control-network.org/GF01.htm. Gun deaths are not only homicides nearly 58% are suicide. Another statistic is one hundred cities with populations of 250,000 or more have reported a tremendous amount of gang activity. When there is gang activity there is an increased amount of homicides. There are so many active gangs in the United States. They range from the crypts to the bloods and they are known worldwide. These are not the only gangs there are many more not mentioned. However, 94% of gang members are male and only 6% are female. It’s not a surprise that 77% of murdered juveniles were killed by a gun. With the increased gang activity in the United States 39% of households have a gun. In the United States many people have a fear of guns but guns aren’t something to fear. If everybody had a gun and knew how to use it then we would all have protection from people that want to harm us with a gun. If guns were outlawed then there would be riots and the murder rate would go up because the people that want to do good with them would not be able to protect themselves and others, the people that want to harm others with a gun would not turn in their gun and would be able to harm other people with little fear. Violence is seen everywhere in today’s society on the news, movies, videogames, and in our lives. This violence lends the illusion to our society today that violence is cool and fun and only portrays the faà §ade that our society has created. The general public does not even begin to understand the traumatic images that our soldiers have come back with and we think that the war we see on the news is like the movies that we watch on T.V. but we cannot begin to imagine. How to cite Gun Violence in America, Essay examples

Compare and Contrast of Methodologies-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Define what a Methodology is and the role it serves in Project Management. 2.Choose two Methodologies from this list to compare and contrast Similarities and differences between them both. 3.Finally, identify how your chosen Methodologies and processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC). Answers: 1.Define what a methodology is and the role it serves in project management. Project Methodology This is related to the system of practices, techniques and the procedures that contain all the guiding processes for those who are working on the project management. They are not tool specific rather they are the software reliant world with the methodology of the organisation project and management software tool that are intertwined. With the change in the engineering and the construction, there are different management processes where the system can work with better management. (Cooper, 2016). For this, there is a need to focus on the software development and IT operations so that it is easy to compare in between the methods of agile, waterfall etc. Role in Project Management With the changed methodologies, there are steps which includes the initiation, planning, executing, controlling and then closing the work. It is mainly focusing on the working of the team to achieve the specific goals and then meet the requirements with specific success. The project includes the designing with the unique products, services and the results that would define the approach with the end of the time-constraints and the deliverables. The business works on the repetitive and the other functional activities to produce the products with easy approach to the technical and project management strategies. The primary constraint for this is the scope, time, quality and budget that needs to be set with the optimisation of allocation for all the necessary inputs and then applying them to meet the needs and the objectives. The complexity of the present project is based on how mature and streamline practice is to manage the projects to maximise the profit margins. (Lee et al., 2016). T he organisations look in the proper management with maximising the profit margins and looking into the optimisation, enhancement of the productivity and building the bottom line standards. The parameters are marked with the function related to the people, technology, communication and the resources that would lead to maintain the project management practice with the capability to mark the strong and the rigid methodology. 2.Choose two methodologies from this list to compare and contrast The agile methodology is the best which works on providing the rapid and the continuous delivery of the product for the customer. It works on the traditional method like the waterfall and the other linear processes which are important for defining the requirements based on the beginning and the end product setup. The Agile is defined through the end product and then onset where there is a proper description of the prioritization process. There are non-static requirements, flexibility, consistent change to handle the communication approach with the improved culture and processes. (Gregory et al., 2016). The software development works with the approach that holds the different types of the projects, where the users can work on the lightweight project management so that they are able to deliver the work in the short timeframe than the demand of Agile. The Agile works on the individuals and the interactions over the processes and the tools, where the working software is set with comprehe nsive documentation. The collaboration with the customer and then responding to the change in the plans is important. There are needs for measuring the extreme agility in the requirements and then setting the short-termed delivery cycles and the dynamic team culture which is restrictive for the on-time real communication. The waterfall model is the one which is for the industries and to work on the software development with construction. It works towards the development and how they are able to handle the high-level phases where: The requirements specifications are required. Designing Construction Integration Testing and debug Installation and maintenance. The waterfall model includes the project management methods where every step is pre-planned and laid in the proper manner. (Ahimbisibwe et al., 2017) Through this, there are possibilities to make any changes in the customers needs and work on the sequences of the tasks which are difficult to manage, otherwise. This needs to work on the software development projects with the development through the fixed phases and the linear timelines. Here, the focus is also on adhering to the requirements and delivering the project in single with the long cycle. The requirements are set to define the top of the waterfall where each phase need to be completed before the next phase can begin. The waterfall approach is the approach where the outcome on the one phase acts as the input for the next phase in sequential manner. After the plan is found to be approved, then there is a very little scope to adapt to the plans till there are changes based on the requests change. the project works through the f low from the requirements, with designing implementation and testing. The single cycle approach in the waterfall is to maintain and reflect on the scope to adapt to the different changes with the disdain in the agencies which are inefficient. The Waterfall methods can be easily working and predicting when the requirements are fixed with the well-documentation and clear strategy setup. For this, the waterfall also need to provide with the end results for the budget and the timeline with particular scope limits. Similarities and differences between them both. Benefits over waterfall model and agile model 3.Finally, identify how your chosen methodologies and processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC): The agile software development works on the different sets of values and principles which is for the software development till there are requirements to handle the solutions. It comes with the collaborative effort for self-organisation of the cross-functional teams, where there are advocacy planning, evolutionary development and easy delivery with improvement. The framework is defined based on the software development and then working on the collaborative effect that would advocate the planning, adaption and then setting the response to change. The methods are depicted through the emerging rapid application development and iterative approach. The tasks are delivered for the specific features where the individuals and the interactions are like the co-location and the pair programming. (Mitsuyuki et al., 2017). The customer collaboration is also for the requirements that cannot be easy gathered in the beginning but they are due to the various factors like the customer interaction and r esponse to the change. Here, the predictive planning is for the adaptive software development metrics where the traditional waterfall model supports the predictive approach. Here, the predictive models and the forecasting is based on the requirement analysis and the planning. This helps in handling the changes as per the feature requirements. The customer interaction is important in the agile methodology for the open communication with minimised documentation features for the collaboration. There are approaches for the software development to promote the teamwork and cross-training, where the functionality is based on the development and demonstration of the processes. (Merhout et al., 2017). The resource requirements are needed which are minimum and suitable for the fixed or the changing requirements. The agile model also works on the strict delivery management process where the functionality is mapped to deliver and work on the adjustments to meet all the required deadline. This d epends on the customer interaction with the higher level of the individual dependence where there is a possibility of minimum documentation generated. The waterfall model works on the project lifecycle where the designing approach is set to handle the different processes with easy representation of the requirement analysis, system designing, implementation and the testing. The requirement gathering and the analyses is for the setup that needs to be evaluated based on the inputs from the system design and setting the small programs which are called units. The next phase integration processes are through the integration and testing that would be important for the functional and the non-functional requirements. The product deployment is done through the customer environment where the maintenance comes up when the client environment is set to fix the issues and the patches are released, thereafter. The software of the waterfall model works on the requirements which are clearly documented, clear and fixed, with the products stable and understandable technology. (Poston et al, 2016). This would allow the departmentalisation and controlli ng the schedule with proper deadlines for each stage of development so that the product can easily be set through the development process. This moves from the concept, designing and the implementation, testing and installation that would end up at the operation and able to maintain with the clearly defined stages. (Vijayasarathy et al., 2016). Through this, there is a possibility of the development where the application is set in the testing stage which is not documented in a proper manner, and amounts to the high risks References Ahimbisibwe, A., Ahimbisibwe, A., Daellenbach, U., Daellenbach, U., Cavana, R. Y., Cavana, R. Y. (2017). Empirical comparison of traditional plan-based and agile methodologies: Critical success factors for outsourced software development projects from vendors perspective.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,30(3), 400-453. Cooper, R. G. (2016). AgileStage-Gate Hybrids: The Next Stage for Product Development Blending Agile and Stage-Gate methods can provide flexibility, speed, and improved communication in new-product development.Research-Technology Management,59(1), 21-29. Gregory, P., Barroca, L., Sharp, H., Deshpande, A., Taylor, K. (2016). The challenges that challenge: Engaging with agile practitioners concerns.Information and Software Technology,77, 92-104. Lee, Y., Waterman, A., Cook, H., Zimmer, B., Keller, B., Puggelli, A., ... Chiu, P. F. (2016). An agile approach to building risc-v microprocessors.IEEE Micro,36(2), 8-20. Merhout, J., Kovach, M. (2017). Governance Practices over Agile Systems Development Projects: A Research Agenda. Mitsuyuki, T., Hiekata, K., Goto, T., Moser, B. (2017). Evaluation of Project Architecture in Software Development Mixing Waterfall and Agile by Using Process Simulation.Journal of Industrial Integration and Management, 1750007. Poston, R., Patel, J. (2016). Making Sense of Resistance to Agile Adoption in Waterfall Organizations: Social Intelligence and Leadership. Vijayasarathy, L. R., Butler, C. W. (2016). Choice of software development methodologies: Do organizational, project, and team characteristics matter?.IEEE Software,33(5), 86-94.

Hamlet Brutal Truth Essays - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet Brutal Truth Disillusionment. Depression. Despair. These are the burning emotions churning in young Hamlet's soul as he attempts to come to terms with his father's death and his mother's incestuous, illicit marriage. While Hamlet tries to pick up the pieces of his shattered idealism, he consciously embarks on a quest to seek the truth hidden in Elsinore; this, in stark contrast to Claudius' fervent attempts to obscure the truth of murder. Deception versus truth; illusion versus reality. In the play, Prince Hamlet is constantly having to differentiate amongst them. However, there is always an exception to the rule, and in this case, the exception lies in Act 2, Scene 2, where an "honest" conversation (sans the gilded trappings of deceit) takes place between Hamlet and Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern. Via the use of prose and figurative language, Shakespeare utilizes the passage to illustrate Hamlet's view of the cosmos and mankind. Throughout the play, the themes of illusion and mendaciousness have been carefully developed. The entire royal Danish court is ensnared in a web of espionage, betrayal, and lies. Not a single man speaks his mind, nor addresses his purpose clearly. As Polonius puts it so perfectly: "And thus do we of wisdom and of reach^? By indirections find directions out" Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 71-3 The many falsehoods and deceptions uttered in Hamlet are expressed through eloquent, formal, poetic language (iambic pentameter), tantamount to an art form. If deceit is a painted, ornate subject then, its foil of truth is simple and unvarnished. Accordingly, when the pretenses of illusion are discarded in Act 2, Scene 2, the language is written in direct prose. Addressing Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet pleads with them to deliver up honest speech about the intent of their arrival: "[offer up] Anything but to th' purpose." Act 2, Scene 2, Line 300 In a gesture of extreme significance, in a quote complementary to Polonius' aforementioned one, Hamlet demands: "Be even and direct with me whether you were sent for or no." Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 310-11 Being the bumbling fools they are, Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern disclose their intentions and purposes to Hamlet, revealing the King and Queen's instructions. Thus does truth prevail in this passage. For this reason, the whole passage is devoid of the "artful" poetic devices that are used in the better portion of the play. The recurring motif of corruption also appears in the passage. Due to the wicked internal proceedings in the state of Denmark (e.g. murder, incest), Shakespeare implies that the whole state is "soiled", which in turn has a direct negative consequence in the grand universal scheme of things. Imagery of warped and distasteful plants, in place of the traditional "aesthetically correct" beautiful flowers in a garden, serves to further reinforce the degeneration theme: "'Tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely." Act 1, Scene 2 Essentially, all of life, and all that was good and beautiful in life (e.g. the garden) is sullied. Hamlet, the disillusioned idealist, continues with the motif when he disheartenedly declares: "the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory^?" -Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 321-2 [the air] "why, it appeareth nothing to me but a fouled and pestilent congregation of vapors." -Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 325-6 The above lines represent Hamlet's cosmic view on the planet. He finds the world to be empty and lifeless, dirty and diseased, and his particular place in it to be desolate and lonely. Indeed, he feels so isolated and entrapped in his native land that he says: [the world is a prison] "A goodly one, in which there are many confines, wards, and dungeons, Denmark being one o' th' worst." -Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 264-6 This view of the world exemplifies the micro/macro concept, where Denmark is the "micro" manifestation of a prison for our hero. The taint of "micro" Denmark leads to repercussions that in turn affect the whole universal order, leading to the consequence of the world itself becoming the "macro" manifestation of a prison in Hamlet's eyes. Further along in the same paragraph, Hamlet offers up his opinion on man, extolling his virtues and excellent qualities ("what a piece of work is man^?"). Yet, it is tremendously ironic, that the ideal type of man Hamlet is describing is nowhere to be found in the play. Hamlet himself is indecisive, unable to take action, Claudius is a slave to his lusts and passions, Polonius is a simpering, servile old fool, and Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern are mindless ninnies. Quite simply, no "true man" as Hamlet describes him exists in the

wriggleys essays

wriggleys essays E-marketing can simply be explained as the use of electronic communication to spread the overall objectives of marketing. This process can be achieved by the use of internet based technology such as web sites, digital access such as television or mobile phones or perhaps electronic mail. According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing E-Marketing can identify, anticipate and satisfy customer needs efficiently. So what does it take to make E Marketing work for a company these days? Well, most companies tend to sell goods and services online to the global market. Realizing the potential of the internet and the mass population that logs on daily, companies have begun to reach customers on an impersonal yet, profitable level. So how is this different? Savings, companies can now save on overheads that come with the territory of traditional business methods. Why do customers engage the company on the web? A good website is Key. If people cannot speak to a member of the company in the flesh they want something thats going to keep them occupied and entertained. Does Wrigleys comply with all the above mentioned items? Well, yes and no. When you first log on at www.wrigley.com the web site seems to have a lot to offer however, that is not the case as the consumer proceeds through the pages. The home page has a colourful list of products on the left page and then on the right sports a white background with the various links to other pages. There are some interactive features such as... clicking around but apart from that there is not really anything much the consumer can do to really connect with the product. Well it is chewing gum for gods sake. Very well, point taken but the object of having a website is to spread the news so to speak. Given that the company lists web sites all around the world such as the UK, Sweden, Finland, China and s ...

Case Study on Gender Discrimination Research Paper

Case Study on Gender Discrimination - Research Paper Example In order to deal with the issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1968 launched a sex-testing initiative â€Å"to protect women against unfair competition† (Woolum, 1998, 52). The sex-testing program was initiated due to the belief on the superiority of males in sports: female athletes would be at a disadvantaged position over their male counterparts in men’s events, and male athletes taking part in women’s competitions would have an undeniable advantage; hence, female athletes must be safeguarded against male athletes participating in their competitions. Hence, all athletes participating in women’s competitions should be subjected to various tests to identify and make sure of the athlete’s sex. This essay presents a case study of a fictional female athlete undergoing sex test prior to participation in the Olympic games. This female athlete is currently the fastest woman in the world. She achieved world fame due to her feats in track and field. However, suspicions about her true sex arose because of her masculine physical appearance, movements, and voice. Physical Description of the Athlete and Brief Notes about her Performance Jane Doe is 27 years old with a height of 5ft and 7 in and weight of 80 lbs. Her event is 100m sprint. She is single and professes to be a virgin. She says she has not dated any man and did not experience having any boyfriend. She is muscular but noticeably thin. She has short hair. She has very small breasts and no underarm and facial hair. She has a flat abdomen but large muscle formation around the thighs and legs, which is expected of a track and field athlete. She won 35 gold in track and field. She ran the 100 meters in 13 seconds in Madison Square Garden; won a gold medal for Sydney in the Olympics in the 50-yard dash with a first-time record of 12 seconds; and completed 100 yards in 9 seconds. Because of these remarkable performances, Jane Doe became a household name. For 6 years, she won more than 200 medals in important track-and-field competitions. Tests Performed on Jane Doe and Results of the Tests In Jane Doe’s sex test, the examiners obtained cell samples from her cheek’s mucous membrane, or also called ‘buccal smear’, then stain them and check them up for Barr bodies. If the subject is a female, with XX chromosomes, the bodies will appear, resulting in a positive result (Schaffer & Smith, 2000, 135). If uncertainties exist, examiners will scan cells not for Barr bodies, but for the lack of Y chromatin. In the case of Jane Doe, the examiners stain the cells and study them thoroughly. The elongated section of the Y-chromosome comes into view as a clear stain. If this stain did not appear, Jane Doe will be allowed to take part in the competitions. The result for these two tests is both positive, which confirms Jane Doe’s femininity. But the application of these tests became very controversial. Some scholars claim that sex chromatin testing does not identify females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic disorder (Evelyn, 2011). Jane Doe was hence examined for the said disorder. It was found out that she ha s it. She has 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of X-chromosomes, the normal chromosomal balance in females, yet has an unusual muscle power and masculine physique (Sullivan, 2011). This disorder is caused by a genetic biochemical deficiency that affects the adrenal glands abnormally, making it incapable of transforming

Skin Breakdown in acute care Pediatrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Skin Breakdown in acute care Pediatrics - Essay Example The studies reviewed in the below emphasise the aforementioned and suggest strategies for fall-risk assessment and fall prevention. The authors propose the adoption of a data-driven, evidence-based approach for fall-prevention among elderly inpatients. The study, which includes neither subjects nor a data collection and analysis approach is, nevertheless, an extremely informative nursing guide on fall prevention. As Sherrod and Good (2006) write, the primary problem confronting nurses in elderly patient settings is falls, especially those which result in fractures. Apart from the healthcare/treatment costs which are subsequently incurred, within the parameters of elderly patients, falls are immediately linked to morbidity rates. The implication here is, as Sherrod and Good (2006) emphasise, is that fall prevention among elderly patients must be defined as the primary nursing responsibility. It is within the context of the stated that the authors identify fall prevention strategies as their research purpose. As noted in the preceding, Sherrod and Good (2006) adopt an evidence-based approach. There exists a wealth of data on fall risk factors and prevention strategies among elderly inpatients and this data, if properly and thoroughly analysed has the potential to yield important information regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of the variant fall prevention strategies and techniques. Rather than proposed a specific technique, Sherrod and Good (2006) contend that it is imperative that each setting develop its own. Certainly, nurses must be well-trained in the general causal factors and the relevant prevention strategies but, more importantly, each setting/environment has its own set of risk factors. These must be identified through a review of the relevant data and prevention strategies designed in direct correlation to those risk factors. The

Fast Foods And Their Effects On Healthy Research Paper

Fast Foods And Their Effects On Healthy - Research Paper Example The fast foods also had a high content of saturated fats, which is a core factor that results in a heart attack. According to research done on monkeys in 2006, after the fast foods were fed on the monkeys, the monkeys fed the fast foods had more abdominal fats, as well as they, become more resistant to insulin as opposed to the others that fed on saturated fats which is an early sign of diabetes. This was due to the unsaturated fats in the fast foods hence there is a need to minimize the consumption of the fast foods and consumption of saturated fats. From Joshipura and US department of agriculture has pointed out that the fast foods have increased consumption of calories which is an increase from 3% to 12% of the overall calories taken in the USA. This has led to increasing the weight gain as well as increase the risk of diabetes in comparison to the ordinary foods. Tucker asserts that the effects of fast foods resulted in more intake of energy resulting in a positive energy balance thus increasing the chances of obesity. The consumption of the fast foods to both those at adolescent and the children in the United States has increased from 2% to 10% recently which is alarming as far as the health of those who use it are concerned. According to this article, those at adolescent and children who ate the fast foods such as cheeseburgers, sugar-sweetened beverages, and French fried potatoes consumed more sugars, fewer diet fibers, higher beverage energy density in comparison with those who did not eat the fast foods.

Menopause experiences of women living in karachi pakistan

Menopause experiences of women living in karachi pakistan This chapter presents the background of the study and the significance of the study to nursing. The study purpose, objectives and the study question are also mentioned in this chapter. Background of the Study World Health Organization (1990) reported that by the year 2030, about 1.2 billon women in the world will be at least 50 years old. It seems that in future we will have more women of old age. According to National Centre for Health Statistics (2003) womens life expectancy is now 79.8 years. Womens life expectancy has increased but their health status and quality of life is in question. To enhance their health status, the National Institute of Health (1991) developed an agenda for womens health research. The first National Institute of Working Conference (1993) recommended for research on menopause as menopause has become a dominant issue in the womens health and the quality of life of woman with menopausal symptoms is affected in various ways. In 1999, the National Institute of Health research agenda included attention to diverse population of women. After that, there was a breakthrough in researches on various aspects of menopause such as staging in menopausal transition, physiology , symptoms of menopause and their relationship. This therefore draws attention to the need to conduct more studies on the menopausal experiences of women living in developing countries, because women spend about one-third of their lives in the post menopausal period. Menopause is a physiological process, which takes place universally in all women who reach midlife. According to World Health Organization (1990) It is an important event that occurs within a long process of menopausal change, the period immediately prior to menopause (when the endocrinological, biological, and clinical features of approaching menopause commence) and at least the first year after the menopause (WHO 1980: 10), in which women move from the reproductive to the post reproductive phase of life as a part of the aging process (Kaufert, 1990; Lock, 1986). Menopause refers to the depletion of ovarian function which leads to stop menstruation and indicates the end of fertility (Lyons Griffin, 2003). All women in their midlife experience menopause but are difficult to determine what are their perceptions and experience as it is affecting womens life in various ways. Womens experience depends upon their socio-cultural norms and personal knowledge (George, 2002). Kaufert (1996) stated that menopause experience also depends on womens health at menopause that can be determined by various factors. These factors include: cultural attitudes towards health, disease, and medical treatments, their reproductive histories, the environmental conditions under which they were born and lived, their exposure to disease. According to the bio-cultural perspective, although menopause is defined as a biological event, the experience of this biological event is shaped by physiological and cultural factors (George, 2002). According to Lock (1986) menopause is of biological and socio-cultural significance; culture provides the ground where values, attitudes, and beliefs about mid-life are transmitted and where the woman attaches meaning to her experiences. Eastern women consider menopause as a natural process and view this life phase more positively as compared to Western women. According to Hafiz and Eden (2007) the differences in attitude between Eastern and Western women can be attributed to more cultural factors than to biological factors. Menopausal women from Asia experience less menopausal symptoms because their social status is raised in older age that the older women in the family are respected as wise matriarchs. They therefore develop positive attitudes toward the incidence of menopause. This is unlike the experience of European and North American women who report more menopausal symptoms and visit health practitioners more frequently. In their experience, the social status of older women in the West declines with age. Therefore, they lose their self-confidence and develop negative attitude. Women living in rural areas have unique needs associated with menopausal experience (Price, 2007 1m, 2008). Geographical and socio- cultural environment is quite different from urban population so they need special attention. Women living in rural areas are often ignored, isolated and have limited health care facilities. Pakistani women lack awareness of menopausal symptoms as well as its long term effects and outcomes but view it as natural and normal process of their life (Malik, 2008; Nusrat, et al, 2008). Although the literature revealed many key characteristic of menopause experience of women in general, there is limited information about the menopause experience of women living in Pakistan. In Pakistan few quantitative studies have been conducted on age, pattern, characteristics, attitude and symptoms experience of menopausal women under the umbrella of menopause (Malik, 2005 Nusart et al, 2008; wasti 1992; Qazi, 2006; Yahya Rehman, 2002). These all studies have utilized the survey questionnaire as data collection tool. In my limited search, none study has been conducted yet by using qualitative approach. Therefore, there is a dire need of qualitative approach to develop in-depth insight of menopause experience of women in Pakistan. Significance of proposed study to Nursing Life expectancy of women has increased and it seems that it will continue to rise because of the development of modern technology and scientific advancement. Menopause is inevitable for women who live long enough. This study would add knowledge in previously existed knowledge about the menopause experience of women living in Karachi, Pakistan. This study will enable nurses to understand menopausal women in better way and teach them the management of their menopausal symptoms and their effects as well as maintenance of their health status during this phase of life. Nurses would also be able to understand the contributing factors which can influence their experience. Working in different areas in different status, nurses, health workers, and LHVS nurse practitioner will be able to provide health education according to their socio-cultural context, arrange sessions on sharing the experience and guide them in managing their menopausal symptoms. Nurses who are working in the hospital or o ther health institute must make them aware of menopausal symptoms of in their middle age so they would be prepare to understand and able to manage their menopause successfully. It would add in previous research on menopausal symptoms experience and can expend the research and may help other in further research if they want to search some other aspects of menopause in the same context/ area of interest to search. Study Purpose The study intends to explore the menopause experience of women living in Karachi, Pakistan. Study Objectives The study objectives include: Firstly, to gain insight about the perceptions of women related to menopause. Secondly, is to find out the impact of menopause on women life. Thirdly, to explore the challenges menopausal women face and finally, to find out the strategies used to manage the challenges. Study Question What is the menopause experience of women living in Karachi, Pakistan? CHAPTER TWO Literature Review Menopause is naturally occurring process which all women throughout the world experience in their midlife. Menopause refers as the depletion of ovarian function which leads to cessation of menstruation and indicates the end of fertility (Lyons Griffin 2003). This section provides an overview of the literature reviewed, relevant to the study and highlights the research carried out on this topic. The forth coming literature is divided into different sections. First, is the physiology of human menstrual cycle and mechanism initiating menopause. Second, is the historical development of research support on menopause? Third, are the concepts or meanings of menopause? Fourth, is the factors affecting and influencing the menopause experience and finally, the comparison of studies undertaken in USA and South Asia. Physiology of Human Menstrual Cycle and Mechanism Initiating Menopause There are four (4) events involving in the hypothalamic pituitary-ovarian axis that control the human menstrual cycle: First, the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), responsible for the development of ovarian follicles and production of estradiol (Hiller, Reichert Van 1981). Throughout the menstrual cycle, estrogen maintains low gonadotrophin levels via its negative feedback effect on hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormones and consequently lutenizing hormone (LH) and FSH secretion. (Yen,Tsai,Vandenberg Rebar 1972). Second, the FSH-induced increase in ovarian estrogen secretion to trigger an LH surge that is called positive feedback (Young Jaffe, 1976). Third, is the LH surge, a hypothalamic pituitary response to the estrogen stimulus? This positive feedback response of estrogen on LH secretion has been used as a test of hypothalamic pituitary function (Weiss, Nachtigall Ganguly, 1976). Final event is ovulation and leutinization of the follicles, triggered by LH surge, forming a corpus luteum. This is an ovarian response that results in progestrone secretion necessary for the establishment of a pregnancy (Vande et al, 1970). The onset of human menopause is thought to be caused by ovarian failure and follicles depletion. However, clinical symptoms and some of the recent data on menopausal woman suggest central nervous system involvement. (Weiss et al, 2004). The Study of Womens Health across the Nation (SWAN) was conducted to determine if the modification of hypothalamic-pituitary response to estrogen feedback mechanism occur in older reproductive-age women as a mechanism of onset of menopause. Three groups of women were studied who had estrogen increased and on LH surge, estrogen increased without on LH surge and neither estrogen increases on LH surge. Anovulatory cycles with high estrogen were frequent in older reproductive age women and there was an evidence of failure of the estrogen positive feedback on LH Secretion to initiate and stimulate ovulation. In anovulatory cycles follicular estrogen levels did not lower LH secretion as it was in younger reproductive age, there was decreased estrogen-negative feedback on LH secretion. It was concluded that there was hypothalamic-Pituitary insensitivity to estrogen, in aging perimenopausal women. Historical Development of Research Support on Menopause In 1993, the first National Institute of working conference recommended for research on menopause and in 1999, NIH research agenda included attention to diverse population of women. Seatle Midlife Womens Health Study was a longitudinal study conducted from 1990 2000 to study the FSH by Menopausal transition stages early, middle and late transition by the use of menstrual cycle calendar. Comparison of reproductive age and peri-menopausal womens cycles. Urinary estron and FSH level by menopausal transition stages late reproductive, early menopause transition and post menopause transition. Study of Womens Health Across the Nation (SWAN) began in September 1994. The purpose of the study was to describe the chronology, the biological and psycho-social characteristics of menopausal transition and the other purpose was to describe the effects of this transition on health and risk factors for age related chronic conditions. The emphases placed on multiethnic samples and community or population based samples. Swan study included daily hormone study over multiple years and annuals blood draws, interview, clinical exams and questionnaire. Multiple ethnic groups of women Africans, Chines, Japnese, Hispanis and White American were included in this study. The stages of reproductive aging work shop (STRAW) was held in Park city USA in 2001. The purpose of this workshop was to develop the staging system for the menopause transition. The benefits of this system are that the researches and clinician can compare cases and data across studies. Women would understand the timing and duration of the transition. This system has seven stages. Five precede and two follow the final menstrual period. Stages from -5 to -3 encompass the Reproductive Interval; stages from -2 to -1 the Menopausal transition and +1 to +2 the post Menopause (Soules et al, 2001). March (2005) A conference on management of menopause related symptoms was held by office of medical applications of research in USA to understand the symptoms and their correlation with menopause transition stage. Seatle midlife womens health study on charting the course of the natural transition to menopause for a population based sample of 35 55 years old white, Asian and African, American women ( n=375) in longitudinal study begun in 1990 and followed until 2006. Women provided daily health diary recording for 3 days per month. Monthly early am urine sample for endocrine analyses and annual health update symptoms rated from 0 (absent) to 4 (extreme). It was estimated that severity of hot flashes increased after the last menstrual period (FMP).There was an association between hormonal changes during menopause transition and the symptoms experienced by the women such as: hot flashes, sleep disturbance, depressed mood, anxiety, fatigue and vaginal dryness. There were some other factors associated with these symptoms severity. As physiology change so there are chances of developing the medical problems. SWAN studies ruled out the other diseases associated with menopause such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporoses. In the period of late and early menopausal transition there may be the the chances that the lumen size of the carotid artery becomes larger (Wikdman et al, 2008).Women experience a high incidence of depressed mood during late menopausal transition (Bromberger, 2007 ; woods et al, 2008). Concepts or Meanings of Menopause Menopause is a complex and significant phase of life that affects womens life in different ways globally. It is a life event that leads to physical as well as emotional challenges (George 2002; Lyons Griffen 2003). One can realize its impact on womens life as was identified by McCrea (1983) stated that in Victorian era menopausal women were used to view as aging women, with a decomposing body and an evil mind suffering from foolishness. All women experience menopause between the ages of 48 and 55 years (George, 2001), but it is difficult to determine how it is perceived by women. What does it mean to her? There is a dilemma attached to it whether it is consider as medical problem or as a life transition (James Deborah, 1997; Lyons Griffen, 2003). There are four main meanings or notions about menopause. First, is the biological or biomedical? Second, is the developmental and natural event? Third feminist notion, as natural female process and fourth, post modern which is related to physiological, social and cultural dimensions. (Gosden, 1985). A biologic definition of menopause refers to permanent cessations of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activities and indicates the end of fertility. (Gosden1985). The last menstrual flow is the biologic marker that refers to a woman transition from a productive to non productive phase. Symptoms which are experienced by the women such as: hot flashes, perspiration, palpitation, vaginal dryness, sleep disturbance, forgetfulness, difficulty in concentrating and irritability also describes the menopause. Another aspect of biologic or biomedical view is the disease orientation to menopause which supports the use of hormonal replacement therapy (George, 2002). Changes in physiology seem to be experienced as symptoms that may require medical treatment. Until recently menopause has been viewed from a medical perspective (James Deborah, 1997). It seems that physician view menopause as a disease that must be treated. Menopause as a developmental and natural event considers as a part of womens life and taken to be normal. Menopause is often stressful but it doesnt mean that it is a disease. It should be perceived as a part of the normal developmental cycle. Life expectancy of women has increased now which indicates that menopause will now be seen as a normal event not a medical condition but as it is associated with specific health risks (osteoporoses and cardiac diseases) it is likely that physicians will continue to treat it and its symptoms. Menopause as a feminist notion that emphasizes that it is a natural female process. It can be taken as a change. If a woman understands this period as a change in her life pattern and she would try to adjust and cope with it (Lyons Griffen, 2003). Menopause as post modern notion believes that it is related to physiological, social and cultural dimensions. The meaning of menopause may be positive or negative it depends on the womans culture, the status of the women in the society as well as the physiological change that occurred as a result of menopause. Lyons and Griffen (2003) introduced another meaning and that is confusing and it is between the natural and disease construction. A woman has uncertainty about the menopause and it is the result of lack of knowledge and understanding. If menopause as taken confusing it produces anxiety and uncertainty which further complicate the complexity of menopause. Surgical meaning of menopause refers to the menopause as a result of surgical intervention (oophractomy and or hysterectomy) but the symptoms are same as natural menopause, however, the onset is abrupt and symptoms are more severe as compared to natural menopause moreover, physical and psychological symptoms are due to sudden hormonal change (Park 2005). Menopause may be viewed by women as natural or medical event; it may be confusing or challenging. The way it is perceived ultimately affects womans experience. There are many factors which can be attributed in the menopause experienced by the women. Factors Affecting or Influencing Menopause experience Menopause is a bio-cultural experience therefore bio-cultural factor such as environment, diet, fertility and genetic differences may be involved in the variations of menopausal experience (Beyene, 1986). Furthermore James and Deborah (1997) explained that a womans culture teaches her how she should respond to this event in her life. If a womans role is child bearing by her culture then she perceives her-self unimportant as menopause means the end of her role. George (2002) asserted that the menopause and how women experience it depends on her cultural norms, social influences and personal knowledge about menopause which influence the womans ability to cope with the menopausal period. Elliot, Berman and Kim (2005) added culture is embedded in all aspects of ones life and affects ones ideas, beliefs and ultimately affects on the menopause experiences. Ellen (2005) stated that women with infertility problem experiences menopause as normal and natural event after futile struggle for so long to become productive. Infertility was an abnormal event as it interfered with normal phase in life and menopause for them is a normal event that is supposed to happen so they take it positively. It is believed that each woman experiences the menopausal symptoms in a same way; however this is not the case. Avis (2002), Flint (1975), and Yahyeh and Rehan (2006) asserted that cultural differences also affect menopausal symptoms experience. The pattern and frequency of menopausal symptoms vary from culture to culture. Avis (2002) conducted a large cross sectional study for women aged 40-55 years across racial or ethnic groups of women in the United States for the comparison of menopausal symptoms. Result showed that across all five groups two consistent factors emerged. One was hot flashes and night sweats and the other psychological and psychosomatic symptoms. Caucasian women reported more psychosomatic symptoms; African American women reported more vasomotor symptoms. The pattern of finding argues against a universal menopausal symptoms syndrome consisting of vasomotor and psychological symptoms. On the other hand Im, Liu, Dormire, and Chee (2008) identified that white women b elieve that generational and life style differences are much more important than ethnic differences in menopausal symptoms experience. In a study of Indian women, Flint (1975) found that few women had any problem other than cycle changes. Lock (1986) found that Japanese Women did not have depression and also having low rates in vasomotor symptoms as compare to western culture women. In a cross cultural comparison of menopausal symptoms Avis (1993) reported the rate of almost every symptoms were lower in the Japanese than US and Canadian women. Price, Storey, and Lake (2007) identified that living in isolated environment and lack of social support system; women experienced more severe menopausal symptoms and experienced the loss of control on physical as well as psychological symptoms. It is conclude that the experience of menopausal symptoms is not same for each and every woman. They are influenced by ones socio-cultural back ground (environment, life style, knowledge, values, beliefs and the meaning of menopause perceived). It also affects the overall menopause experience of women. If the meaning of menopause taken negatively, the women will have more intense symptoms and face difficulty in managing herself as well as seek for medical treatment and experience menopause as a threat. Comparison of Researches: USA and South Asia. George (2002) conducted a study to explore the experiences of American women from diverse ethnic and socio-cultural environment. He found that the experiences of American women were not similar; they were all unique in their experiences. Some of them were having high intensity of menopausal symptoms but some did not experience any menopausal symptoms, some of them were confused as they were unaware of what to expect. Some experienced depression but some were feelings of relief from child bearing and monthly periods. Some were looking forward to future. In another online study of white midlife women Im, Liu, Dormire, and Chee (2008) identified that white women believe that generational and life style differences are much more important than ethnic differences in menopausal symptoms experience they are optimistic and try to cope with the symptoms. Women needed assistance with the menopause symptoms and were not satisfied with the guidance of the physicians use humor as coping strategy for menopause to increase their inner strength and motivate them to go through the hardship. Price, Storey, and Lake (2007) conducted a study on experiences of women living in a rural area of Canada. Researchers identified that women considered it as a change of life, and showed high concern about their general health and the changes their bodies under going. The women described the need to understand the intensity of menopausal symptoms (physical, psychological and social), including changes to their physical and mental well being. They need to receive reliable information. Menopause had significant impact on their personal relationships as they were unable to share their experiences with their husbands. Their coping strategies were social support and humor. Elliott, Berman, and Kim (2002) conducted a study on Korean Canadian women on menopause experiences. He found that they view menopause as a natural process and wanted to be fully aware about all aspects of menopause in order to control and cope with this phase of life. They were having difficulties in communication with health care professionals. They were reluctant to share their experiences with their husbands but they expressed the need to share their feelings with someone. Hafiz, Liu and Eden (2007) conducted a study on the experiences of menopause among Indian women. They identified that because of their positive socio-cultural ideas and attitude towards menopause they were not concerned about becoming menopausal and believe that it is a natural event same as birth and death. They experienced more physical and psychological symptoms rather than vasomotor (hot flashes and might sweat). He revealed that physical and psychological symptoms were higher in Asian women. Researches in Pakistan In Pakistan few quantitative studies have been conducted on age, pattern, and characteristics, attitude and symptoms experience of menopausal women (Malik, 2005 Nusart et al, 2008; wasti 1992; Qazi, 2006; Yahya Rehman, 2002). No qualitative studies have been conducted on menopause experience yet. Wasti et al (1993) conducted a study on the characteristics of menopause in three socio-economic urban groups in Karachi. The total samples size was 750 menopausal women. He found one in five women were symptomatic to poorest group but one in two the other groups. He found that fewer women had menopausal symptoms in his study but he admitted or hypothesized that menopausal problem will be most probably increase as life expectancy of women is increasing. He found mean age of natural menopause was 47 years of age. Yahya and Rehan (2002) conducted a study on age; pattern and symptom of menopause among rural women of Lahore will sample size of 130 women from 20 villages. He found mean age at menopause was 49 Â ±3. 6 years. Moreover the common symptoms were lethargy 56.4%) forget fullness (57.7%) urinary symptoms (56.2%) agitation (50.8%) depression (38.5%) insomnia (38.5%) ht flushes (36.2%) and dysparunea (16.9%). He concluded that the mean age of menopause was lower than the reported for Caucasian, but similar to Africa and South America but higher than Iran, Egypt and UAE. The frequency of symptoms was lower than observed among Caucasians, he suggested further studies on local buologies and understanding the socio cultural basis of these differences. Malik (2005) conducted a study on knowledge, attitude towards menopause and Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT) among postmenopausal women in Karachi. The sample size was 102 post menopausal women. She found mean age at menopause was 147.4Â ±3 years. She found most of the respondent had positive attitude towards menopause and consider menopause as natural event lacked sufficient knowledge our menopause and HRT. Qazi (2006) conducted a study on age, pattern, symptoms and associated problems among urban population of Hyderabad. Sample size was 800 menopause women. He found mean age at menopause was 47.16. the marked climacteric symptoms were low backache headache, tiredness, lump pain, sleep disturbance and might swats were common menopause associated problems include Ischemic Heart Disease, Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, post menopause that the symptoms and problems were different from other studies reported with in the country and abroad which may revealed socio cultural and dietary differences. Nusrat et al (2008) conducted a study on knowledge attitude and experience of menopause. The sample size was 863 menopausal women. She concluded that majority women consider menopause as natural event and have positive attitude but majority of the women were unaware of menopausal symptoms and health effects, the bothered by symptom but did not sought for treatment. The age at natural menopause according to Pakistani studies is between 45-51 years; mean age is 48 years (Malik, 2008, Qazi, 2006; Yahya Rehan, 2006). Some of the findings were similar in the studies which have been conducted in Pakistan. Pakistani women consider menopause as natural and normal phase of life and aging process. They have positive attitude to words menopause (Malik, 2005; Nusart et al, 2008; Yahya Rehman, 2002). These findings are similar with the findings of studies have been conducted in other Eastern countries women such as India, China, and Korea. The other finding that the Pakistani women are not fully aware of the menopausal symptoms and its health implication or its long term consequences on quality of life (Malik, 2008. Nusrat et al, 2008; Yahya Rehan, 2006). Majority of the women bothered with the menopause symptoms but because of positive attitude, poverty, and due to lack of awareness they do not go for treatment or consultation. Malik, 2008; Nusrat et al , 2008). Qazi (2006) identified many differences in his study especially in the prevalence of symptoms reported with in the country and assumed that these are because of socio-cultural and diet differences. In rural areas of Lahore, Yahyeh and Rehan (2006) found the prevalence of various symptoms comparatively lower than other Caucasian. Researcher suggested the need for studying local biologys and understanding of socio-cultural bases of these differences. Summary of the Literature The literature revealed important information about the physiology as well as the initiation process of this phenomenon. The various concepts and meanings perceived by different school of thoughts. The historical development in the research on menopause is also addressed. Factors which are closely involved in influencing menopause experience as well studies conducted on this topic are also highlighted. The Eastern women conceptualize menopause as natural process thats why they have positive attitude towards it as compare to Western women. They bothered by menopause symptoms but try to cope with it positively. In Pakistan quantitative studies have been conducted on this topic but this approach did not provide insight in to a womens understanding the need of qualitative research is required to explore the women experience related to this phenomenon. (George, 2002). CHAPTER THREE Study Design and Methodology This chapter focuses on the approach to conduct this study, the study design and rationale of the design, the study population, study setting as well as sample and sampling. Data making, data management, data analysis, study rigor and the study limitations will also be the part of this chapter. Study Design The study design which is selected for this study is qualitative descriptive-exploratory. According to Polit and Beck (2008) qualitative approach involves naturalistic pattern. Naturalistic methods of inquiry deal with the experiences of human complexity by exploring it directly. It emphasizes on understanding the human experience as it is lived. Qualitative study required for in-depth and rich information to understand the phenomenon. Furthermore Holloway and wheeler (2002) concluded that qualitative research is an objective way to gain knowledge about the subjective and holistic nature of human. Burns and Grove (2007) stated that the purpose of exploratory study is to investigate a specific concept about which little is known. It emphasizes on identification of factors related to a phenomenon of interest. As this study aims to explore the menopause experience, which is lived experience and there would not be one reality as each women experience would be different. Therefore a quali tative exploratory descriptive design is best suited to this study. Study Population The study population would be all women who are in their menopausal period, coming to Obstetric and Gynecologists outpatient department of Pakistan Naval Ship hospital, Karachi. The target population will be all the menopausal women who will meet the inclusion criteria, will be coming to Obstetrics and Gynecology OPD. Setting Pakistan Naval Ship hospital, Karachi will be selected as data collection site. Obstetric and Gynecologists OPD will be utilized for this purpose. This hospital was established in 1963. It is classified as a class A Pakistan Navys hospital. The total bed stren

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy Essay -- Neutral Tones Es

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy      Ã‚   "We stood by a pond that winter day," (1) This line indicates a still quietness, with lack of the movement of life. There is a vast difference in appearance and movement around a pond in winter and a pond in the midst of summer. This indicates no leaves, and no visible signs of life. The poet is painting a stark and lifeless scene. "And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,"(2) This is indicative of the modernist approach to light as being too harsh and not a positive factor. Chidden means scolded, rebuked, or even blamed. God is not looking favorably upon these people. "And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;"(3) Leaves fall from trees when they are dead, and the term 'starving' refers to the dying of the ground. "They had fallen from an Ash, and were gray,"(4) Ash trees are very beautiful hardwood trees, and this line indicates the passing of beauty, and ties in with the dying leaves mentioned in line three. This first stanza indicates that something once beautiful is dying. "Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove"(5) When lovers who are in love look upon one another, it is usually with a fixed gaze. That old love song, "I only have eyes for you" helps explain the poets anguish when he realizes his lover is no longer mesmerized while in his company. "Over tedious riddles of years ago;" (6) is indicative of some unresolved problems between the two people in this poem. "And some words played between us to and fro" (7) seems to indicate small talk and mindless chatter.    "On which lost the more by our love"(8) tells the reader that the poet is unhappy with the chatter and would rather be speaking of the unresolved problems betwee... ...a definite and recognizable pattern. This poem is certainly not a sonnet, either in subject matter, meaning, or format. The rhyme scheme for this poem is that of A B B A, C D D C, E F F E, G H H G.   There is enough continuity in this rhyme scheme to hold the poem together as a whole through the use of the pattern, however the changing of the actual rhyming words and the fact that, for instance, the A word is only repeated one time (as are all of the others) intensifies the poets feelings of loss over the change in his love's desires. Through the rhyming scheme, the poet is conveying the hopelessness of the two of them getting back together and repeating the beautiful love they once shared.    Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. p. 2256

Poetry Explanation on Wordsworth’s Poem Essay

Imagine walking through a field in early summer, around an aqua blue lake that is in the shape of a giant egg. You discover a field of daffodils that is flowing in motion like a grand â€Å"dance† full of elegance. This area is full of sublime that can only be fully appreciated by a poet. William Wordsworth has been to this place and it was the subject of his poem â€Å"I Wandered As Lonely As A Cloud. † He entered a state of tranquility when he visited here and writes this proficient piece of poetry when he has recollections about the daffodils. This poem questions the actual connection of man with nature. This essay will look into the figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to discuss how the crisis of the speaker when he realizes that he cannot sustain the exalted feeling of looking out at the flowers. It will also look into the resolution, the memory, and the recollection. The figurative language hints at settle meanings that are not on the surface of this poem. They suggest the very connection between man and nature, and man’s desire to be part of the natural world. In this poem Wordsworth personifies the daffodils as people: â€Å"A host of golden daffodils / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze†. (Lines 4 & 6) This personification is relating the ecosystem around this majestic lake to human nature exemplified in everyday life. The speaker wants to become a part of this natural dance and become part of natures flow. People constantly want to become part of nature and Wordsworth believes that he can become a cloud in these moments of epiphany: â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (line 1) When he enters this surreal state during his recollections he also enters the sublime state of mind. The tone of this poem starts out as ecstatic, than somber, and than ecstatic. It only takes the speaker a recollection to overcome it and enter into the sublime. The stanzas in this poem go from being an astonishment of nature, to watching, to contemplating, to being lost in thought, and then to being inspired by nature again. The poet is looking at this wonderful piece of nature and is struggling to find inspiration. He looks upon it with a â€Å"pensive mood† (Line 20) and becomes awfully upset and worried that he might not find revelations from the natural beauty in the world. He soon rises above this by reminiscing about his encounters in nature and being inspired later on. This changes to tone in the poem to go to blissful. This is not a poem of blissful landscapes and joyful cartwheels, but one of a crisis and recollections. The plot itself is quite simple, but it is what lies underneath the surface that can confuse some. It is of a poet looking for his state of tranquility wandering and discovering in a windy field of grasses with a small patch of daffodils â€Å"dancing† on the edge of a lake. This is a memory that delights the speaker and gives him contentment, #5 he will later recollect to this thought in a search for inspiration, Wordsworth writes: â€Å"They flash upon that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude;† (Lines 21 and 22) It is also a poem of crisis for all he does is gaze without thought. He wonders if he is no longer enthralled by beauty. His recollections of returning to the scene and the feeling of sublime and tranquility help to overcome this thought. When Wordsworth is in the field of daffodils and does not enter a state of serenity and transcendence I feel sorrow for him for the place he describes through the visual imagery is so stunning that not to find inspiration should be a sin. Wordsworth describes the daffodils as being: â€Å"Beside the lake, beneath the trees / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze† (Lines 5 and 6) He shows how the daffodils are occurring in this natural and serene dance. This is a rare, minute, and breathtaking part of nature that should be partaken in by all who care to see it. He gazes and gazes, and is swept by his sensations, but does not realize or think about the transformitive power of this recollected image. The predicament that Wordsworth encounters was overcome to write a fine piece of poetry that contains figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to prove a connection between man, nature, and the divine sprit. This poem is the foundation of Wordsworth that must be understood to go on to understanding poems such as The Prelude. Wordsworth and the Wordsworthian style is a magnificent one that should be experienced by all.

English Literature Anglo-Saxon Review Essay Example

English Literature Anglo English Literature Anglo-Saxon Review Paper English Literature Anglo-Saxon Review Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The Exeter Book Included Anglo-Saxon poetry The Seafarer and The Wanderer and The Wifes Lament, survived because it was in Exeter Cathedral one of the benefits of Christianity is that with it the people got churches, libraries, and schools, bound together during King Alfreds reign Scops Shop; storyteller like a minstrel, indication of the oral history of Anglo-Saxon poetry Beowulf First English poem, epic poem-long, has a hero, quest, extraordinary powers, divine intervention, valorous deeds/ culturally Beowulf is important because he is a strong warrior, who is selfless, is an important part of Anglo-Saxon culture; Christianity and paganism; Christianity wins out. Beowulf is a Christian. Warning when Hrothgars people turn to the old gods and make sacrifices. Artistically, all the literary devices- kennings, caesura, apposition; hard to translate. Basic human questions answered or addressed in it. Hero has a flaw. Apposition Extra information about a subject; not essential, gives a bigger picture of the subject; makes Beowulf hard to translate. Kennings Another thing that makes Beowulf hard to translate; 2-3 word poetic construction that provides extra information and gives an image of the subject Cassivelanus Celtic chieftain, really progressive, peaceful, first chieftain to submit to paying tribute to Rome Boudica Queen of a Celtic tribe who rebelled against the Romans and led an attack on them as they would not accept her as queen. They whipped her and raped her daughters and then she kills herself instead of being captured. Julius Caesar Invaded Britain in 54 BC, went for two reasons-knowledge and revenge Tolkien First person to treat and study Beowulf as a from of art, changed forever the way we study literature- was highly influenced by Anglo-Saxon writings in Lord of the Rings- carries on the theme of Ubi Sunt Ubi Sunt A theme in Anglo-Saxon poetry meaning where are those who have gone before? Carpe Diem Seize the day, a theme in poetry Memento mori Remember you will die, another theme in AS poetry Timor mortis conturbat me The fear of death disturbs me, another theme in AS poetry Caesura A break in a line of poetry; made it hard to translate Beowulf Anglo-Saxon Language German, Bede called it the vulgar language, Latin, Celtic, it is Old English The Wifes Lament The wife is killed by her husband and then she wishes he would suffer, she is a victim to the code of love- country, friends, spouse The Seafarer Ubi Sunt- a lament of those who have gone away as the speaker has lost everything but in the end the speaker turns to God for solace, a loving God The Wanderer A lot like the seafarer, but it ends with a punishing God Folk Epic A poem passed down orally before it is written down Literary Epic An epic originally written down Pagans Believe in earthly wealth. The religion of the celts and the AS, believed in fate instead of free will Christians Believed in free will

The Jury Trial Stage of a Criminal Case

The Jury Trial Stage of a Criminal Case A criminal trial is scheduled if a defendant continues to plead not guilty after the preliminary hearing and plea bargain negotiations have ended. If pre-trial motions have failed to get evidence thrown out or the charges dismissed, and all efforts at plea bargaining have failed, the case proceeds to trial. At the trial, a panel of jurors determines if the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt or not guilty. The vast majority of criminal cases never get to the trial stage. Most are resolved prior to trial in the pre-trial motion stage or the plea bargain stage. There are several distinct phases of a criminal trial proceeding: Jury Selection In order to choose a jury, typically 12 jurors and at least two alternates, a panel of dozens of potential jurors are summoned to the court. Usually, they will fill out a questionnaire prepared in advance that contains questions submitted by both the prosecution and the defense. Jurors are asked if serving on the jury would present a hardship on them and they are usually asked about their attitudes and experiences that might lead them to be biased in the case before them. Some jurors are typically excused after filling out the written questionnaire. Questioning Potential Jurors Both the prosecution and the defense are then allowed to question the potential jurors in open court about their potential biases and their background. Each side can excuse any juror for cause, and each side is given a number of peremptory challenges which can be used to excuse a juror without giving a reason. Obviously, both the prosecution and the defense want to choose jurors who they think are more likely to agree with their side of the argument. Many a trial has been won during the jury selection process. Opening Statements After a jury is selected, its members get their first view of the case during the opening statements by the prosecution and the defense attorneys. Defendants in the United States are presumed innocent until proven guilty, so the burden is on the prosecution to prove its case to the jury. Consequently, the prosecutions opening statement is first and goes into great detail outlining the evidence against the defendant. The prosecution gives the jury a preview of how it plans to prove what the defendant did, how he did it and sometimes what his motive was. Alternate Explanation The defense does not have to make an opening statement at all   or even call witnesses to testify because the burden of proof is on the prosecutors. Sometimes the defense will wait until after the entire prosecutions case is presented before making an opening statement. If the defense does make an opening statement, it is usually designed to poke holes in the prosecutions theory of the case and offer the jury an alternate explanation for the facts or evidence presented by the prosecution. Testimony and Evidence The main phase of any criminal trial is the case-in-chef in which both sides can present witness testimony and evidence to the jury for its consideration. Witnesses are used in order to lay  a foundation for the admitting of evidence. For example, the prosecution cannot just offer a handgun into evidence until it establishes through witness testimony why the gun is relevant to the case and how it is linked to the defendant. If a police officer first testifies that the gun was found on the defendant when he was arrested, then the gun can be admitted into evidence. Cross-Examination of Witnesses After a witness testifies under direct examination, the opposing side has the opportunity to cross-examine the same witness in an effort to discredit their testimony or challenge their credibility or otherwise shake their story. In most jurisdictions, after the cross-examination, the side who originally called the witness can ask a question on re-direct examination in an effort to rehabilitate any damage that might have been done on cross-examination. Closing Arguments Many times, after the prosecution rests its case, the defense will make a motion to dismiss the case because the evidence presented did not prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Rarely does the judge grant this motion, but it does happen. It is often the case that the defense does not present witnesses or testimony of its own  because they feel they were successful in attacking the prosecutions witnesses and evidence during cross-examination. After both sides rest their case, each side is allowed to make a closing argument to the jury. The prosecution attempts to strengthen the evidence they presented to the jury, while the defense attempts to convince the jury that the evidence falls short and leaves room for reasonable doubt. Jury Instructions An important part of any criminal trial is the instructions that the judge gives to the jury before they begin deliberations. In those instructions, in which the prosecution and the defense have offered their input to the judge, the judge outlines the ground rules the jury must utilize during its deliberations. The judge will explain what legal principles are involved with the case, describe important concepts of law such as reasonable doubt, and outline to the jury what findings they must make in order to come to their conclusions. The jury is supposed to abide by the judges instructions throughout their deliberation process. Jury Deliberations Once the jury retires to the jury room, the first order of business is usually to elect a foreman from its members to facilitate the deliberations. Sometimes, the foreman will take a quick poll of the jury to find out how close they are to agreement, and get an idea of what issues need to be discussed. If the initial vote of the jury is unanimous or very one-sided for or against guilt, jury deliberations can be very brief, and the foreman reports to the judge that a verdict has been reached. A Unanimous Decision If the jury is not initially unanimous, discussions between jurors continue in an effort to reach a unanimous vote. These deliberations can take days or even weeks to complete if the jury is widely split or has one holdout juror voting against the other 11. If the jury cannot come to a unanimous decision and is hopeless split, the jury foreman reports to the judge that the jury is deadlocked, also known as a hung jury. The judge declares a mistrial and the prosecution has to decide whether to retry the defendant at another time, offer the defendant a better plea deal or drop the charges altogether. Additional Stages: Stages of a Criminal Case

FE College teaching Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FE College teaching - Case Study Example This report will first of all have an intrinsic approach to some of the literature prior to the Learning and Skills Act (2000) and the Success for All policy (2002), especially to Ann Briggs and her analysis on the role of middle managers in further education. Subsequently, following on an account of the general demographic and social variables that characterize the population of West London, we will be aiming at drawing relevant conclusions on the influence that the Learning and Skills Act and the Success for All programme has on constant improvement of teaching here. The second part of the paper will aim an unbiased approach on competition vs. collaboration between the FE College I teach in and other relevant Post Compulsory units in the area, drawing on relevant conclusions to support good practice related to quality improvement. Before the two important reforms in 2000 and 2002 previously mentioned referring to FE units, change began during the 90s, when the FE colleges in Britain were made independent of the Local Education Authority (LEA) in terms of control over finance or human resource. This meant both that the FE colleges were fully responsible both for the proper management of functions such as finance or human resource and that (especially after the creation of the Further Education Funding College in 2001) they had to managerially perform in order to be eligible for funding3. In the context of our paper, this has several different implications. First of all, we can point out towards the need for constant quality improvement and improvement of the overall performance at the FE colleges. Second of all, we note the development of a certain competition between different colleges in the same area, the need to perform well in the college evaluations and inspections and improve their ratings with the FE Funding College (relevant for our second part, referring to competition vs. collaboration between colleges). The first implication we have referred to has lead to significant literature in the area of defining the concepts of managerialism and professionalism, initially described by Lumby and Tomlinson as "oppositional cultures"4. As Briggs further points out, there are several levels of accountability that need to be remembered when referring to FE colleges and their performances. There is the political accountability (use of public funds), market accountability (responsible to the market, the customers, the stakeholders), professional or cultural accountability5. Following the Success for All program of 2002, the main goals that the program approached included a (1) reform in pattern so that it meets the future needs of learners, employers and communities, (2) a drive up of standards of further education and training and (3) to ensure that the final recipients of public funding (the FE colleges) "deliver a distinctive and effective contribution" to the Government's educational strategies6. The Learning and Skills Act of 2000 follows, more or less, the same direction (or rather lays it out), bearing additional administrative components with the creation and the definition of

U.S. policy toward Iran's Nuclear Weapons Program Essay

U.S. policy toward Iran's Nuclear Weapons Program - Essay Example There is no defined way of getting Iran to drop its nuclear program. But a combination of various technologies can be used to corner the country into doing so. The US government should follow both the carrot and stick approach to persuade Iran to comply by its sanctions. It should make sure its policies are bilateral and multilateral to gain support from the other countries. Here is a threefold plan to achieve the same. 1. The third world countries should be convinced regarding the threat of the increased arms proliferation and the advantages the current US sanctions might bring them to gain their support. The Iranian neighbours should be lured in to give more support to the US policies. 2. The Iranian public should be made aware of the losses they incur due to the sanctions. They can play a key role in making their government drop such activities for the general economic growth of the country. 3. The US government should stop imposing more strict sanctions on the Iranian oil market. It should bargain technological help in core areas in exchange of a cease on the nuclear program. Current Status Iran suffers from various rounds of US sanctions currently. The sanctions have banned the supply of heavy weaponry to Iran by any other country. It has prevented the exports of Iranian arms to other countries and frozen the assets of around 39 individuals and 141 companies whom it think is responsible for strengthening the nuclear power in Iran. The latest sanctions proposed by the US on prohibit all foreign financial institutions to have business contacts with Iran's Central Bank. Under requests from the American government the European Union and South Korea have also agreed not to purchase oil from Iran which comes as a heavy blow to Iranian economy. These sanctions have been imposed upon Iran because they have breached to comply with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations as alerted by the UN's watchdog (Not Quite too Late, 2012). Iran’s Nucl ear Power The US intelligence reports states that Iran purchases advanced technology from Russia and the products necessary to materialize the technology from China. There is an assumption that Iran will develop and test an IRBM or intermediate-range ballistic missile and an ICBM with the support of these countries by 2015. The reports from the CIA state that Iran has close tie ups with North Korea and it is planning to create TD-2 type ICBM and test it within 2015 (Iranian Ballistic Missile WMD Threat to the US, 2000). They also fear a huge range of chemical and biological weapons are stocked by the Iranian government which might be used directly against the US or simply be sold to groups or countries which target the US as their primary enemy. Is it an Imaginary Fear? The US government should consider how far the previous sanctions have prevented Iran from producing the nuclear weapons. It is a proven fact that the sanctions which have been passed on the country for the past 30 ye ars have given very little result. But looking into Iran's ballistic missile history, there is no solid proof that they are capable of developing long-range ballistic missiles or huge nuclear weapons. They created a Shahab-4 which claimed to act as a ballistic missile but turned out to be just an SLV with minimum military applications. Tehran has been boasting about its plan to create

Feminism - A Personal Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Feminism - A Personal Perspective - Essay Example Women often cannot and many a time are not allowed to transcend this idea that brings in its wake a burden of expectations and constraints. There exist definite and stereotypical ideas about what womanhood means and feminism is the field of study that intends to shatter such obnoxious and repressive ideas. Though women’s study intends to place women at the center of all intellectual inquiries, the thing to be kept in mind is that the fact that feminism defies all stereotypical notions transcends all gender specifications. The fact that feminism intends to liberate women from the shackles of all preconceived notions also assumes the relevance of same rights and prerogatives for men. Feminism intends to revolt against all forms of repression of women and the rights it intends to seek are or should be universal, transcending all gender specifications. Feminists should remember that this ideal is not a philosophical pie in the sky but is, in fact, imperative for the relevance and sustenance of all forms of feminist struggles. â€Å"The true form of revolutionary change is never merely the repressive situations that we seek to escape, but the piece of the oppressor that is planted deep within each of us.† It is imperative for the adherents of feminism to not to fall into the male trap of hating men. The very fact of doing so not only justifies and establishes the stereotypical notions of masculinity in our society but at the same time authenticates the stereotypical notions about women.

Susan Berk-Seligson Essay Example for Free

Susan Berk-Seligson Essay That same year, Berk-Seligson (199o) ground-breaking study of hundreds of hours of courtroom interpreting also appeared. Her major finding was that interpreters became actively involved participants in the discourse process of courtroom proceedings. She found that court interpreters are intrusive elements in court proceedings far from being the unobtrusive figure that attorneys and judges would like her to be. For example, ordinary court procedures, as well as other participants, shift attention to interpreters on Ð ° regular basis in Ð ° courtroom. Judges have to introduce and swear in interpreters, thus calling attention to them as another participant in Ð ° judicial process, as well as calling attention to the notion of accuracy in translation. In the voir dire process with jurors, attorneys ask directly if the presence of an interpreter is bothersome. More important, what will show up repeatedly in future studies is that attorneys and judges often resort to addressing the interpreter rather than the witness when they ask their questions. Berk-Seligson also demonstrated that interpreters were not always just interpreting. They ask for permission to speak when proceedings become confusing; they ask for clarification of Ð ° term or idea; they halt proceedings when they hear Ð ° word they do not understand; they ask for repetition of what they did not hear. At times, they report difficulty, such as clarifying ambiguity, dialect differences, or grammatical problems. Finally, witnesses, defendants, plaintiffs, and other participants within the court make side comments to interpreters or talk to them directly. Moreover, she provided examples of interpreters’ who controlled the flow of testimony by urging or prompting Ð ° witness to speak or by getting witnesses and defendants to be silent. For example, interpreters say to witnesses do you understand? or answer! or answer, please. Interpreters also ask questions of witnesses such as what? or І didnt hear you. Berk-Seligsons study is the first sociolinguistic study of interpreters to follow traditional sociolinguistic studies by recording hundreds of hours of data, looking for patterns and variations in the speech of the participants (see Labov 1972). More important, it is the first published study to observe, describe, and evaluate interpreters active participation in the role of one who passes on what others say and in the role as an individual participant in Ð ° speech situation. Cecilia Wadensjo Interpreter-mediated conversations as Ð ° mode of communication have been dealt in the book of Wadensjo, interpreting as Interaction that was published in the year 1998. Interpreters and their responsibilities have also been included in this book. Empirical data recorded interpreter-mediated encounters within medical, legal, and social services settings have been examined in the heart of her book. Moreover, analytical frameworks of the nature of social organizations have been theoretically grounded in the works of Wadensjo. In addition, the dialogic theory of language and interaction has also been included in her works. A seminal perspective of the interpreter has been offered by her, by whom problems of translations are not the only that are solved as an engaged actor, but problems of mutual understanding in situated interaction are also solved. Two interdependent activities-translations and coordination are consisted in the interpreting that was revealed by the application of a dialogic framework. Moreover, two kinds of talk are created by the interpreters, which is a fact that established the abovementioned revealing of the interpreting. In this regard, relaying of a message generates first type of talk, and the assisting of a flow of talk by the interpreter generates the second type of talk. When the interpreters role performance is investigated as interaction [italics hers], however, when the interpreter is studied in relation to Ð ° relevant audience or role others (Goffman), it becomes self-evident that the dialogue interpreter must be conceived of as both relayer and co-ordinator (1992: 266). Examples of utterances directed at the interpreter and from the interpreter have also been provided by her. The content of the relayed message has not been included in these examples. Thus, perception of a co-ordinate activity among the participants, as well as, Ð ° responsibility of the interpreter has been included in the progression of talk. Mutual and shared understanding has been created by the progression and substance of talk, and the distribution of responsibility for this among co-interlocutors in an interpreter-mediated conversation. Understanding in conversation and its opposite miscommunication has been problematized by Wadensjo, in order to further elaborate on interpreter rights and responsibilities. In this regard, three different ways in terms of handling of miscommunication events by the interpreters have been showed by Wadensjo. Perspectives for the constituting of sufficient understanding among the participants are revealed by the ways, in which miscommunication is dealt by the interpreters. In this regard, exploration of interpreters and their responsibilities has been done by Wadensjo, as it has been seen in her discussion of replaying by displaying and replaying as re-presenting. Through language, interpreters can distance themselves from an utterance they speak, Ð ° distinction that results in the primary participants better understanding of the message. Her point is that even when interpreters move further away from the role of strictly transferring, it benefits the goal-oriented exchange. By noticing this distancing, it demonstrates how the reality of interpreting does not reflect the idealized pedagogy about how interpreters do their work. Notably, in manifesting this distance, we get an idea of personal style. While the old adage to just translate and translate everything is Ð ° useful shorthand for explaining interpreting to lay persons and newcomers, it is not useful for explanations needed to define interpreting as Ð ° profession and to define the actual rights and responsibilities that define the everyday experience of interpreting work. A vast new perspective for understanding, researching and teaching the work of interpreters has been opened by Wadensjo. The perspective of interpreter as engaged actor solving not only problems of translation but problems of mutual understanding has been offered by Wadensjo in a seminal way. It has been suggested in her first full-length work that the task of interpreting much better can be understood by people, if the perception of interactivity of the primary participants should be accounted, as compared with the looking up of interpreter and the interpreted message. Again for the first time, a deeply theoretical understanding of the complex nature of participation in an interpreter-mediated encounter has been provided by the frameworks of social interaction and dialogic linguistics. Wadensjo differs from Berk-Seligson in attempting to understand interpreters as they do their job, not evaluating them against idealized and unsubstantiated notions of ideal practice.